فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 54 (پاییز 1400)

Inequality in development among different cities has recently been under consideration of regional planning’s culture, and it is yet to be known in our country. It might look easy to comment on the development and backwardness of different regions, but quantitative measurement of the development cannot be considered a simple work. The purpose of this article is to determine the development level of cities in Hamedan province and also to analyze regional inequalities in this province.  The research method used in this article is descriptive – analytical and the five indicators including; healthcare, social, cultural, educational, economical (agricultural – animal husbandry), and demographic structural occupation and infrastructural urban services have been studied. To determine the assumptions of the research and level of development of the cities, fuzzy logic techniques have been used. The fuzzy model has been designed in three phases to estimate the level of the development of cities each year. In the next stage, the trends of spatial inequalities for cities have been specified by Williamson’s differential coefficient model using the outputs of the fuzzy model. The level of development over 13 years (1380 – 1393) indicates that Hamedan with a developmental index of 0.65 is considered as the most developed city and Famenin with a development index of 0.29 is determined as the least developed one. The Pattern of the structure governing Hamedan region is determined as center- environs which requires authorities’ special attention to the equal distribution of facilities in the cities of the northern part of the province.

The poverty traps in urban areas cause lack of effective development in the society and harm the urban society. The residents of these urban poverty traps are the poorest ones. They always have the minimum urban services and facilities and are in the lowest level of integration with the urban context and its residents. Paying serious attention to urban policies which seems very necessary and important can prevent the emergence and deep poverty traps. Therefore, the effective factors, at first, should be characterized and then, policies should be designed and implemented in accordance with them. In this study, the most important factors affecting the formation of spatial poverty traps in the city of Qom have been examined. In this process, to review the factors affecting the formation of spatial poverty traps and measuring the poverty level, the factor analysis type R was used. The results showed that five factors are the main effective factors of the emerging poverty traps in Qom which explain 88.93 percent of urban poverty in this city. Using the factor score, the traps were classified to 5 ranges, from very low to very high poverty rates. In this classification Sahrak Saheb-al Zaman, Jamkaran and Ismael Abad’s traps had the highest level of poverty. To measure the spatial distribution of urban traps Moran's I coefficient and General Statistics G were used. The results showed that the spatial distribution of poverty traps has cluster pattern with a high concentration. Also, the results of correlation analysis showed that poverty rate of traps has a strong correlation between the indices of the number of unskilled workers, rental house rates, the rate of illiteracy, lack of basic facilities of housing, unsustainable housing, and poor quality of the residential environment. So the most important action plan should be done to improve housing conditions, improving employment and improving access to public services such as educational services.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of information and communication services offices (urban and rural communication and information technology) in economic development among users of Qazvin province. The method of this study is survey and quantitative, for which a questionnaire was used to collect information. The sample included 400 users of the urban and rural communication and information technology (Qazvin province) who have been selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Research findings show that the villagers believe that the urban and rural offices of information and communication can have positive effects on different economic aspects. Also, the research findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between economic development and performance of the offices of information and communication services in urban and rural areas of Qazvin province (r = 0.46). In Qazvin province, there are correlations between economic development and variables of user awareness of the performance of ICT offices (r = 0.421), the use of sample individuals from ICT offices (r = 0.359), the access level of these individuals to the ICT offices (r = 0.58). In other words, by increasing the level of awareness, access, use of the services of the offices and the performance of ICT offices, the level of economic development will increase.

Iran is frequently faced with earthquakes due to its location on the earthquake-prone belt of the world. Consequently, the city of Khorramabad is no exception to this rule and due to the existence of major and active faults in the region is in the high seismic hazard zone. Lack of roads, weak infrastructure, has changed the areas vulnerable to natural and man-made accidents.The main objective of this study was to investigate and analyze the elements influencing the rate of instability of worn-out tissues in order to increase the safety of the tissues to enhance the conditions of residence and its sustainable development. The nature of research is theoretical-applied and the type of study is a descriptive-analytical one. Therefore, in this study, the degree of vulnerability and instability of the worn-out tissue of Khorramabad against earthquakes has been investigated and with a holistic view of social, economic, physical indicators, emergency services, and seismicity. The AHP model has been used and the degree of instability of these indicators has been prioritized and analyzed. The results show that in most of the studied indicators, especially in the field of physical indicators such as occupancy level, part size, building materials, building age, access status, access to emergency services, the worn-out tissue of Khorramabad is vulnerable and unstable and does not have the necessary efficiency against a possible crisis.

In general, one of the most important tasks of urban management in any city, both small and large cities, is to provide appropriate urban services for citizens, which, if realized, will both increase the quality of life of citizens and positively assess the performance of the city management. But an important issue in the provision of urban services is how they are distributed in the city, which an important factor in satisfying and meeting the needs of citizens as the main of goal urban management. This category is more prominent in medium-sized cities due to insufficient access of citizens to urban services. In this regard, this study first uses a descriptive-analytical method to first examine the level of satisfaction citizens of Bumhan with access to urban services and then the spatial distribution of citizens' satisfaction with access to urban services. SPSS and Gis software were used to analyze the collected information. The results of the research have shown that in general, the level of satisfaction of the citizens of Bumhan city with the studied urban services has been low and except for the educational services in which the level of citizens' satisfaction has been evaluated as appropriate, other services have not been in a good condition. On the other hand, the study of spatial distribution of satisfaction with urban services in the city of Bumhan shows that in the central part there is more satisfaction than the marginal parts, especially the southern and northern parts of the city.

In any type of geographic data analysis defining the primary unit has direct effect on the results. The key point in spatial studies is the exact definition of areal units. The necessity of defining the basic unit of study is that for instance if once we examine the relationship between income and crime rate in the neighborhood unit and again in the level of urban area, different results will be obtained. This problem originates from the fact that raw data (e.g. census) are shown in the census block format. So we have to aggregate this data into neighborhood units and urban areas or any other basic unit for our study. Since the choice of these basic units does not have any rule and is arbitrary, different results will be obtained. In fact results of statistical analysis are not independent of the scale at which analysis has been done. This problem was first identified by Gehlke and Biehlin as modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). The purpose of this study is to identify the basic areal units which make the least bias in raw data after data aggregation in the unit. We have applied a comparative research method and layers of census blocks are utilized for statistical analysis. In this article, we have selected three basic units based on urban network, urban locality and fishnet as well as using twenty demographic indicators and measures of central dispersion and correlation to examine the effect of MAUP. The results indicate that rectangular base unit is less affected by the MAUP.

Measuring is a key technology for assessing the extent and amount of land cover variations the knowledge of which is of fundamental importance for different planning. In this study, land use changes in the past 20 years using the TerrSat software and its potential for prediction in the future were evaluated using the Markov chain of Ramhormoz. For this purpose, TM Landsat 5, OLI Landsat 8 was used for 1996 and 2016, along with topographic maps and area coverage. Images of both time periods were classified into four categories of land use: lands made by human hands, arable land, agricultural and uncultivated lands. According to the results, the lands made with 39.1% of the most positive changes and lands with vegetation cover with the rate of -29.1% have the most negative changes in the region and the trend of forest areas has been a downward one. Then, using the prediction model and classified images (1996-2016), the 2016 coverage map was predicted using the Earth-change model. After evaluating the model, the overall accuracy was 83.09 and the Kappa coefficient was shown to be 0.79, which indicates the high adaptation between the predicted map and the classified map. With the introduction of the land cover plan for 2016, the model for land-changeover, a 2025 land cover map was prepared. The results showed that 102 hectares of agricultural land and 178 hectares of vegetation cover had been reduced.

Urban space's publicness and decline in new urban space's publicness have been addressed by many researchers and commentators in recent years. Although their attitudes towards publicness have been mainly influenced by civil society discourse, and despite existing theories about publicness in the civil society discourse, none of them has introduced constructive factors for the publicness of urban spaces. Also, there is no consensus on the criteria for evaluating the publicness of these spaces. Considering this theoretical gap, the first step of this research is through a systematic review of scholars' opinions and research experiences to identify the component factors of the publicness of spaces in the civil society discourse. In the next step, the Delphi technique is used to evaluate the usability of these factors in assessing the publicness of urban spaces. The results show that only four factors, namely, public access, adaptability, interaction and discussion, and immunity can be used to assess the publicness of urban spaces.

So far, theories on the renovation of the worn-out urban tissue have been presented in various thematic areas. In the organized comprehensiveness of this chaos, burnout is often one of the most important issues that urban tissues suffer from and causes disorder, imbalance, disproportion and asymmetry of urban tissues and the main problem is the lack of a scientific approach to achieve a healthy city. The aim of this study was to identify the indicators of renovation of worn-out tissue with emphasis on the healthy city approach, using the research method of specialized urban planning texts, and field studies to explain the concept and formulate the model of renovation of worn-out tissue based on comparative descriptive analysis of healthy city indicators. The study area of ​​the worn-out structures of Ghaemshahr, based on the three indicators of physical worn-out approved by the Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Planning, with an area of ​​347 hectares, was approved by the Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Planning in 1386 and had a population of 33,000 in 1395. The statistical population of this study, 385 people, was calculated through Cochran's formula. The necessary data were collected through a questionnaire and the normality of the data was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and finally was analyzed using SPSS software and Linear Regression test. The results show a correlation in the short trip sub-index and the appropriate physical quality of the network and service area (functional radius) of service uses, which indicates a very low quality of the communication network resulting in impermeability and instability of especial access to services in these areas.

With their many functions, metropolitan cities have strong relationships with the peripheral areas and especially the villages of the penetration zone, and this has a profound impact on the economic, social, cultural, and even physical aspects of the villages. Economic growth of cities is due to their economic relations. The city and the countryside have the advantages of attracting rural employment, creating out-of-village job opportunities and rural-urban migration. The metropolis of Tabriz, in various historical periods, has played a strong transnational role from Eastern Europe to South and Central Asia, which shows its undeniable role in taking on some strong professional functions to perform this task. This interconnection between the metropolitan city of Tabriz and its sphere of influence, on one hand, extends the physical development of the city to its national metropolis, and on the other hand, the physical development of the surrounding villages and extensive user changes in these villages, along with widespread demographic, economic and cultural changes will be obtained. This issue is the main subject of the present research and its main objective is to monitor and evaluate the role of the expansion of the metropolitan city of Tabriz by urban-rural migrations and its impact on physical changes, in particular, land use changes in the urban areas. This study concerning its purpose is a descriptive one and as the methodology is considered is an applied research which has been developed based on the questionnaires used in the study and analyzing its items. To achieve the objectives of the study, we used the Cronbach, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, T-Student and multivariate regression tests. The results show strong correlation between migration and change indicators if more than 85% of land use variations are expected by the migratory variables.